English to Russian Other Law (general)

Professional appointments: The essence of professional appointment mechanisms is that new judges
are appointed by existing judges: the bench is self-perpetuating through a formal co-optation
process that subjects prospective judges to approval by their superiors. Under this system, senior
judges must act as guardians of their own professional ethos, relying on internal incentives—
such as the desire to have a good reputation—to maintain their own professional standards and
the impartiality of the bench (Mueller 1999; Ginsburg 2003: 43).