Woodcut

One of the oldest techniques is xylography - an engraving made on wood. Already in the 8th century A.D. e. in the East received high-quality prints from processed wooden surfaces, and from the XIV century a similar technique began to be used in Europe. This type of woodcut was called edged, it was performed on a longitudinal cut of soft wood, usually a pear, with a chisel and a knife. Due to the resistance of the wood fibers, the process was long and laborious. In the 18th century, the English engraver Thomas Bewick invented the end engraving method, performed on cross sections of hardwood with a special cutter. This type of engraving quickly gained popularity, as it made it possible to obtain thin and clear lines, the necessary depth and smooth transitions between dark and light areas.

Read more at: https://motherhouse.ru/en/housing-and-communal-services/chto...

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Note added at 1 час (2024-02-16 19:26:02 GMT)
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Thomas Bewick (c. 11 August 1753 – 8 November 1828) was an English wood-engraver and natural history author.
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Technique
Main article: Wood engraving

Bewick's art is considered the pinnacle of his medium, now called wood engraving. This is due both to his skill and to the method, which unlike the woodcut technique of his predecessors, carves against the grain, in hard box wood, using fine tools normally favoured by metal engravers.[33]

Boxwood cut across the end-grain is hard enough for fine engraving, allowing greater detail than in normal woodcuts; this has largely replaced the basic woodcut since Bewick's time.[34] In addition, since wood engraving is a relief printing technique, inked on the face, it requires only low pressure to print an image, so the blocks last for many thousands of prints, and importantly can be assembled into the same forme as the letterpress or metal type for the text, allowing both on the same page, and all the printing to be done in a single run. In contrast, copper plate engravings are an intaglio printing technique, inked in the engraved grooves, the face being wiped clean of ink before printing, so a special type of printing press applying much higher pressure is required, and images must be printed separately from the text, at far greater expense.[35]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bewick

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Note added at 2 час (2024-02-16 20:37:15 GMT)
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После дополнительных поисков в сети я бы назвал этот метод end-grain wood engraving.

Например:
...end-grain wood engraving was standard practice in England from about 1700. Bewick merely continued and refined...
https://www.google.ru/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd...

См. также: https://www.google.ru/search?q="end-grain wood engraving"&ne...

. Soviet graphic Vladimir Favorsky – master of portrait woodcuts and book illustrations, designer, painter, muralist, teacher and theorist of fine arts, professor. Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1957), Academician (1962), People’s Artist of the USSR (1963), winner of the Lenin Prize (1962).
https://soviet-art.ru/soviet-graphic-artist-vladimir-favorsk...

Vladimir Favorsky (Russian, 1886–1964). Medium: Wood engraving. Dimensions: Sheet: 8 1/4 × 6 5/16 inches (21 × 16 cm).
https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/233131