cross-provider balances
Russian translation: взаимозачет
| 21:22 Oct 30, 2023 |
| English to Russian translations [PRO] Finance (general) / Hawala system | |||||
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|  Selected response from: Oleg Lozinskiy Russian Federation Local time: 19:26 | ||||
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| Summary of answers provided | ||||
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| 3 | взаимозачет |
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Answers
53 mins confidence: 
взаимозачет Explanation: -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 55 mins (2023-10-30 22:17:38 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Что такое взаимозачет Взаимозачет — это способ прекратить существующие взаимные обязательства, не выводя деньги из оборота. Есть случаи, когда провести взаимозачет нельзя по закону. Они перечислены в ст. 411 ГК РФ: требования о возмещении вреда, который причинен жизни или здоровью, о пожизненном содержании или о взыскании алиментов; одна из сторон обратилась к своему контрагенту с претензией, в которой оспаривает существующее обязательство; истек срок исковой давности; договором запрещено проводить зачет (актуально для одностороннего зачета, в ином случае условие можно отменить дополнительным письменным соглашением сторон). Некоторые законодательные акты на своем уровне тоже могут запрещать зачет. Например, Закон о банках и банковской деятельности не разрешает путем зачета требований кредитной организации оплатить увеличение ее уставного капитала. https://kontur.ru/articles/6560 -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 1 hr (2023-10-30 22:30:40 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- В тему: Хава́ла (араб. حوالة «передача») — неформальная финансово-расчётная система на основе взаимозачёта требований и обязательств между брокерами, используемая преимущественно на Среднем Востоке, в Африке и Азии. Система сформировалась в Индостане задолго до появления западной банковской системы и до распространения западного банковского дела на Ближнем Востоке. Используется эта система расчётов в основном иммигрантами, зарабатывающими на Западе и отсылающими деньги родственникам (см. Римесса). Этимология В арабском языке «хава́ла» (حِوالة) — «вексель», «расписка»[1]. Общая схема работы Система хавала основана на переводе денежных средств путём однократных уведомлений по электронной почте, факсу или телефонными звонками. Материальные ценности в виде денег, золота и драгоценных камней перемещаются из страны в страну без сопроводительных финансовых документов. В силу того, что все финансовые транзакции осуществляются методом взаимозачёта (клиринга) или при личных встречах (второе случается значительно реже), то отследить эти потоки государственные контрольные органы не в состоянии. Клиент-отправитель обращается к брокеру одной из сетей, работающих по системе хавала, и передает ему деньги. Брокер затем отправляет своему партнёру в стране назначения платежа сообщение (телефоном, факсом, электронной почтой и т. п.). Сообщение содержит только сумму, имя получателя платежа и код (набор слов или цифр, например серию и номер какой-либо купюры)[2][3]. Для получения денег достаточно прийти к местному брокеру той же сети и назвать код платежа. Предполагается, что всего в мире действует около 5000 брокерских пунктов хавалы. Обычно они функционируют на крупных базарах. Расчёты между брокерами в дальнейшем проводятся по клиринговой схеме, включая использование для закрытия сальдо золота, драгметаллов и т. п.[4] Отдельные сети хавалы часто строятся на основе доверия, например среди людей, имеющих родственные связи, или среди выходцев из одного региона[1]. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хавала -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 1 hr (2023-10-30 22:49:31 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Hawala or hewala (Arabic: حِوالة ḥawāla, meaning transfer or sometimes trust), originating in India as havala (Hindi: हवाला), also known as havaleh in Persian,[1] and xawala or xawilaad[2] in Somali, is a popular and informal value transfer system based on the performance and honour of a huge network of money brokers (known as hawaladars). They operate outside of, or parallel to, traditional banking, financial channels and remittance systems. The system requires a minimum of two hawaladars that take care of the "transaction" without the movement of cash or telegraphic transfer. While hawaladars are spread throughout the world, they are primarily located in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Hawala follows Islamic traditions but its use is not limited to Muslims.[3] Origins The hawala system originated in India.[4] In 2003 Hawala as a legal concept was documented, finding evidence of Hawala reaching back to 1327, in a publication by Matthias Schramm and Markus Taube, with the title "Evolution and institutional foundation of the hawala financial system".[5][6] "Hawala" itself influenced the development of the agency in common law and in civil laws, such as the aval in French law and pt:aval Portuguese law, and the avallo in Italian law. The words aval and avallo were themselves derived from hawala.[7] The transfer of debt, which was "not permissible under Roman law but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in commercial transactions", was due to the large extent of the "trade conducted by the Italian cities with the Muslim world in the Middle Ages". The agency was also "an institution unknown to Roman law" as no "individual could conclude a binding contract on behalf of another as his agent". In Roman law, the "contractor himself was considered the party to the contract and it took a second contract between the person who acted on behalf of a principal and the latter in order to transfer the rights and the obligations deriving from the contract to him". On the other hand, Islamic law and the later common law "had no difficulty in accepting agency as one of its institutions in the field of contracts and of obligations in general".[8] Regulation Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 those international organizations that are responsible for counterterrorism and enforcing laws against money laundering have directed their efforts on identifying problems within the hawala, as well as other remittance systems. The First International Conference on Hawala in May 2002 published the Regulatory Frameworks for Hawala and Other Remittance Systems. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) contributed a chapter, in which informal value transfer systems were considered. According to the IMF, countries with limited financial services experience macroeconomic consequences because residents rely heavily on informal fund transfer systems. Informal value transfer systems share common characteristics, including anonymity, lack of regulation or official scrutiny. Therefore informal value transfer systems may be susceptible to use by criminal organizations for money laundering and terrorist financing.[9] How it works In the most basic variant of the hawala system, money is transferred via a network of hawala brokers, or hawaladars. It is the transfer of money without actually moving it. In fact, a successful definition of the hawala system that is used is "money transfer without money movement". According to the author Sam Vaknin, there are large hawaladar operators with networks of middlemen in cities across many countries, but most hawaladars are small businesses who work at hawala as a sideline or moonlighting operation.[3] The figure shows how hawala works: (1) a customer (A, left-hand side) approaches a hawala broker (X) in one city and gives a sum of money (red arrow) that is to be transferred to a recipient (B, right-hand side) in another, usually foreign, city. Along with the money, he usually specifies something like a password that will lead to the money being paid out (blue arrows). (2b) The hawala broker X calls another hawala broker M in the recipient's city, and informs M about the agreed password, or gives other disposition of the funds. Then, the intended recipient (B), who also has been informed by A about the password (2a), now approaches M and tells him the agreed password (3a). If the password is correct, then M releases the transferred sum to B (3b), usually minus a small commission. X now owes M the money that M had paid out to B; thus M has to trust X's promise to settle the debt at a later date. The unique feature of the system is that no promissory instruments are exchanged between the hawala brokers; the transaction takes place entirely on the honour system. As the system does not depend on the legal enforceability of claims, it can operate even in the absence of a legal and juridical environment. Trust and extensive use of connections are the components that distinguish it from other remittance systems. Hawaladar networks are often based on membership in the same family, village, clan or ethnic group, and cheating is punished by effective excommunication and the loss of honour, which lead to severe economic hardship.[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala Informal records are produced of individual transactions, and a running tally of the amount owed by one broker to another is kept. Settlements of debts between hawala brokers can take a variety of forms (such as goods, services, properties, transfers of employees, etc.), and need not take the form of direct cash transactions. In addition to commissions, hawala brokers often earn their profits through bypassing official exchange rates. Generally, the funds enter the system in the source country's currency and leave the system in the recipient country's currency. As settlements often take place without any foreign exchange transactions, they can be made at other than official exchange rates. Hawala is attractive to customers because it provides a fast and convenient transfer of funds, usually with a far lower commission than that charged by banks. Its advantages are most pronounced when the receiving country applies unprofitable exchange rate regulations or when the banking system in the receiving country is less complex (e.g., due to differences in legal environment in places such as Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia). Moreover, in some parts of the world, it is the only option for legitimate fund transfers. It has been used even by aid organizations in areas in which it is the best-functioning institution.[10] |
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