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Foros

English translation: foros

GLOSSARY ENTRY (DERIVED FROM QUESTION BELOW)
Spanish term or phrase:Foros
English translation:foros
Entered by: Timothy Cooper

08:50 Mar 11, 2024
Spanish to English translations [PRO]
Social Sciences - History / land ownership
Spanish term or phrase: Foros
Term appears in a text about the history of a manor house (pazo) in Galicia. The text itself is in Galician, but the term appears in similar contexts in Spanish. It appears to refer to a type of "feudal" system used in the region, where a contract was drawn up that tied a farmer to a landowner in exchange for the use of a portion of land. Payment for the land usually took the form of a percentage of the agricultural output. Contracts of this type could last for several generations and existed up to the early 20th century.
Any help very gratefully received.
Timothy Cooper
Local time: 14:20
foros
Explanation:
I think I would leave this untranslated (in italics) as any equivalent term like tenant farm, long-term lease etc. does not exactly describe what it is. This is the approach taken in this book.

Most Galegos rented their lands through long-term leases known as foros. These leases generally provided the owner with fixed rents for the lives of three kings. Only in wine-growing areas were rents proportional to the harvest.17 Under the foral system, peasants could work, pass down, and sublease the land as if it were their own. Moreover, whatever the land produced (the usufruct) was often constituted as separate from both the ownership and the actual control of the land. Foro-owning peasants could pass the land to one heir and the usufruct to another. As a result, one person might own the land, another might be the signatory on the foro, and a third person might have the rights to whatever that land produced.
https://academic.oup.com/book/10017/chapter/157414189
Selected response from:

Jane Martin
Local time: 13:20
Grading comment
I opted for this suggestion. Jane (and other contributors) got it right. The term is very specific to the region and to a type of agreement between landlord and tenant. The client hasn't had an attack of hysterics (yet), so I'd say that the untranslated term (with a brief explanation) seems to work.
My apologies for not providing more context. The text itself was written in very dense academic Galician, and I was a bit worried about people understanding. In my defence, I'd say that the term also appears in quite a few Spanish texts. But anyway, sorry if the lack of context made things a bit more difficult.
Anyway, many thanks to you all, especially for the speedy replies.
4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer



Summary of answers provided
3 +6foros
Jane Martin
4 +4fiefs
Muriel Vasconcellos
Summary of reference entries provided
see
liz askew
Foros /furos
neilmac

  

Answers


10 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5 peer agreement (net): +4
fiefs


Explanation:
Wikipedia:

In broad terms a lord was a noble who held land, a vassal was a person granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a *fief*. In exchange for the use of the fief and protection by the lord, the vassal provided some sort of service to the lord.

Muriel Vasconcellos
United States
Local time: 05:20
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 50

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  Andrew Bramhall
30 mins
  -> Thank you!
agree  Angie Garbarino
32 mins
  -> Thank you!
agree  Delia Salazar
3 hrs
  -> Thank you!
agree  neilmac
1 day 30 mins
  -> Thank you, Neil!
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11 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5 peer agreement (net): +6
foros


Explanation:
I think I would leave this untranslated (in italics) as any equivalent term like tenant farm, long-term lease etc. does not exactly describe what it is. This is the approach taken in this book.

Most Galegos rented their lands through long-term leases known as foros. These leases generally provided the owner with fixed rents for the lives of three kings. Only in wine-growing areas were rents proportional to the harvest.17 Under the foral system, peasants could work, pass down, and sublease the land as if it were their own. Moreover, whatever the land produced (the usufruct) was often constituted as separate from both the ownership and the actual control of the land. Foro-owning peasants could pass the land to one heir and the usufruct to another. As a result, one person might own the land, another might be the signatory on the foro, and a third person might have the rights to whatever that land produced.
https://academic.oup.com/book/10017/chapter/157414189

Jane Martin
Local time: 13:20
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 8
Grading comment
I opted for this suggestion. Jane (and other contributors) got it right. The term is very specific to the region and to a type of agreement between landlord and tenant. The client hasn't had an attack of hysterics (yet), so I'd say that the untranslated term (with a brief explanation) seems to work.
My apologies for not providing more context. The text itself was written in very dense academic Galician, and I was a bit worried about people understanding. In my defence, I'd say that the term also appears in quite a few Spanish texts. But anyway, sorry if the lack of context made things a bit more difficult.
Anyway, many thanks to you all, especially for the speedy replies.

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  Carol Gullidge: yes, depending on how accurate the translation needs to be - it wd have been helpful to see the ST in the actual context but failing that I think this is the way to go
58 mins
  -> Thank you.
agree  Jennifer Levey: Best left as foro - not least because the explanation in your webref doesn't entirely tally with Asker's own description.
2 hrs
  -> Thank you.
agree  Yvonne Gallagher: yes, it has a specific meaning that does not translate
4 hrs
  -> Thank you.
agree  liz askew: https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/7891/06....
5 hrs
  -> Thank you. Good reference.
agree  neilmac: I'd probably use 'foros (fiefs)'.....
1 day 29 mins
  -> Thank you, Neil.
agree  Wardys Mejia
44 days
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Reference comments


6 hrs
Reference: see

Reference information:
foral rights



https://www.proz.com/kudoz/spanish-to-english/government-pol...

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Note added at 6 heures (2024-03-11 15:03:48 GMT)
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https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a6kNvtHr4V8C&pg=PA7&lpg=...
medieval Carta de poboamento Carta foral de Padrón (Fernando Contrato de foro O SISTEMA FORAL A organización do sistema O Un subforo de 1437

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Note added at 6 heures (2024-03-11 15:20:36 GMT)
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/209715

Until recent years owners of the pazos exacted foros or feudal tolls from the surrounding proprietor-tenants.

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Note added at 6 heures (2024-03-11 15:23:17 GMT)
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"the foro contract"

https://brill.com/display/book/9789004476110/B9789004476110_...

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Note added at 6 heures (2024-03-11 15:25:44 GMT)
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https://iegps.csic.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-M-Garc...
by M GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ · Cited by 1 — *****especially foros (in Galician, or fueros in Castilian, being longterm feudal contracts*****) which were useful in establishing social, economic ...

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Note added at 6 heures (2024-03-11 15:27:51 GMT)
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https://www.amazon.co.uk/Beyond-Market-Transactions-1200-130...

They use a Data Base to register 2500 'foros', the typical Galician land contract and more than 8000 people and their goods. The thesis of the authors is ...

liz askew
United Kingdom
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 52
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1 day 38 mins
Reference: Foros /furos

Reference information:
It looks like a Galician version of "fueros"....
"The Spanish term fuero has a wide range of meanings, depending upon its context. It has meant a compilation of laws, especially a local or regional one; a set of laws specific to an identified class or estate (for example fuero militar, comparable to a military code of justice, or fuero eclesiástico, specific to the Roman Catholic Church)."


    Reference: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuero
neilmac
Spain
Native speaker of: Native in EnglishEnglish
PRO pts in category: 56
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